The Uses of Grammar
Preface 1. The Uses of Grammar Chapter Preview What Is Grammar? Why Study Grammar? History of the Uses of Grammar The Greeks and the Romans The Latin Influence on English Grammar Noah Webster: Grammar as a Description of Language Structuralism Behaviorism Transformational or Universal Grammar Three Views of Grammar Using Grammar: Usage Constitutive Rules Regulative Rules Regulative Rules and Prescriptive Grammar Using Grammar: Language Learning Chapter Review 2. Getting Started: Some Important Concepts Chapter Preview Grammaticality: Why Is This a Very Important Concept? Grammaticality, Appropriateness, and Formality Grammatical Judgments Form and Function Sentences: Subject and Predicate Phrases The Parts of Speech Form-Class Words Function Words (Structure-Class Words) Substitution, Addition, Deletion, Movement Passages for Analysis Subject and Predicate Answer Key (for page 20) Chapter Review 3. The Forms of Words: Morphology Chapter Preview The Lexicon Sources of Words in the English Lexicon Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Languages Other than English Compounds Acronyms Blends Abbreviations Back-Formations Morphemes Bound and Free Morphemes Prefixes and Suffixes Morphemes and Parts of Speech (Derivational Morphemes) Inflectional Morphemes Chapter Review 4. Basic Sentence Types Chapter Preview An Illustrative List of the Sentence Types Structure of the Basic Sentence Types Transitive Intransitive Linking Basic Sentence Types' Relationship to Other Structures Chapter Review 5. Verbs: Tense, Auxiliary Verbs, and Modals Chapter Preview Verbs Definition of Verbs Notional Definition Formal Definition Functional Definition More Functional Tests for Verbs The Verb and the Conjunction And Tense Traditional Names for Tenses Tense and Time Auxiliary Verbs and Modals Do Modals Irregular and Periphrastic Modals Modals and Tense Recapitulation Passages for Analysis Chapter Review 6. Verbs: Perfect and Progressive Aspect Chapter Preview Aspect Perfect Aspect (HAVE + EN) Progressive Aspect (BE + ING) Perfect Progressive Aspect The AUX Rule Verb Groups and the Sentence Finite and Nonfinite Verb Forms Passages for Analysis Chapter Review 7. Negative, Interrogative, Imperative, Passive Chapter Preview Review of Chapters 4 and 5 Negative With Auxiliaries Without Auxiliaries: Transitive and Nontransitive Verbs Without Auxiliaries: Be Interrogative Yes/No Questions Sentences with Auxiliaries Do, Modal, Have, Be Sentences in Which AUX Is Only TN Sentences with Be as Main Verb Wh- Questions Imperatives Passive Voice Stative Passive Passage for Analysis Chapter Review 8. Nominals: Nouns and Noun Phrases, Nonfinite Verbs Chapter Preview Nominals and Noun Phrases Defining Nouns Notional Definition Formal Definition Functional Definition Common and Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Common Nouns Singular and Plural (Number) -(e)s 107 Irregular (Mutation) Plurals The -(e)n Plural Plurals from Languages Other than English Count and Noncount Nouns Determiner